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The 12-Step Get-Out-of-Debt Program

Every Tuesday is Finance & Family Day at Zen Habits.

Debt is a major problem for a lot of people these days. The problem is, even if they know they want to get out of it, they have a hard time figuring out how to start.

If you fit this description, this 12-Step program spells it out for you.

Now, there isn’t one way to get out of debt, and the best program should be tailored to each person’s individual situation. But if you feel like you just don’t know how to begin, this program is designed to give you a sort of guide — one that should be adjusted to fit your financial situation.

It’s aimed not at people who have their finances together and are just trying to pay off a credit card or two. It’s aimed at those who have trouble finding any extra money to pay off debts, who seem to find themselves getting deeper and deeper into debt, and don’t know how to stop it. In other words, it’s a bit of an emergency program.

Disclaimer: I’m not a financial advisor, and if you are in need of one, I suggest you find a qualified advisor. My only qualification is that I’ve made great strides in getting my finances under control, in starting an emergency fund, in paying all my bills on time, in not getting further into debt, and in eliminating my debt (I should be done by the end of this year). This program is based on my experiences, and on the large number of books and websites I’ve read.

The Zen Habits 12-Step Get-Out-of-Debt Program

  1. Acknowledge the problem. The first step is admitting you have a problem. The first week, all you have to do is say to yourself, “I have a problem with debt. I got into this because I spend money I don’t have. But I believe that there’s a way out, and I can do this. I can control my spending, make a plan, and slowly get out of debt.” That’s a major step. Now set aside just 30-60 minutes a week to deal with your finances — make it a set day and time, and don’t let yourself miss this appointment.
  2. Stop digging. If you’re in a hole, the first step is to stop digging, and that’s what you’re going to do this second week. For 30 days, see if you can stop any non-essential spending. If you have a major problem with credit cards, cut them up. If you’re not so bad with credit cards, at least put them away and don’t buy stuff online for one month. What’s essential? Obviously your bills, housing, auto, gas, groceries … that kind of stuff. Non-essential? Clothing, CDs, DVDs, books, magazines, gadgets … you know what I mean. Just 30 days. After that, you can decide how much to spend on these things.
  3. Make small cutbacks. This third week, take a look at things you normally buy and see if you can cut out a few of them, or spend less on them. Groceries? See if you can buy house brands instead of name brands. Coffee? Make it yourself at home instead of buying out. Lunch? Try packing it to work instead of eating out. Add up what your cutbacks will save you this month.
  4. Start an emergency fund. This fourth week, set up a savings account, if you don’t have one already, for an emergency fund. Now take the amount you saved in Step 3 (and even in Step 2 if you think you can make them last for awhile) and set up a regular automatic deposit from your checking to this emergency fund savings account for this amount. It’s important that before you start paying off debt, you have at least a small emergency fund. Aim for $1,000 at first, and you can grow that later. The reason: if unexpected expenses come up, and you don’t have an emergency fund, you will skip your debt payments to pay for the unexpected expenses. The emergency fund protects your debt payments.
  5. Take inventory. OK, this is a step that we don’t like to take. But take a deep breath. You need to do this. Remember what you said in Step 1? You can do this. This fifth week, set up a simple spreadsheet. In one column, list all of your debts — credit cards, medical bills, auto loan, etc. You can leave out your mortgage, but put everything else. In the second column, put the amounts you owe for each debt. In the third, put the minimum monthly payment, and put the percentage interest in the fourth column. Total up the second and third columns to see your total debt owed and how much you have to pay, at a minimum, towards debt each month.
  6. Make a spending plan. We don’t like to do this step either. But it’s not going to be as painful as we think. This sixth week, set up another simple spreadsheet. In one column, list your monthly bills (rent or mortgage, auto payment, utilities, cable, etc.) — everything that is a regular monthly expense. Then list variable expenses (things that change every month) like groceries, gas, eating out, etc. Later you should add irregular expenses (stuff that comes up once in awhile — less than once a month) such as auto and house maintenance, clothing, insurance, etc. But we won’t get into that now, as we want to keep it simple. In the second column, put down the amounts for each. Be sure to put enough for things like gas and groceries, as you don’t want to be short. Be sure to also include your minimum debt payments and your emergency fund deposit. Now, list your income sources and monthly amounts. There. You’ve got a temporary spending plan (you’ll want to add the irregular expenses later). Now, if the expenses are greater than the income, you’ll need to make adjustments until the expenses are equal to or less than the income.
  7. Control spending. If you’re into your seventh week of this debt plan, you may find it hard to keep track of your spending and ensure that you’re sticking to your spending plan. Here’s the key: first do the emergency fund deposit. Then do the debt payments. Then do your monthly bills. Then withdraw the variable amounts in cash, and put them into separate envelopes. It’s old-fashioned, but it works, as you don’t have to worry about overspending. When your envelope is empty, you can’t spend anymore. Continue to cut back on non-essential spending as much as you can at this point, so you’re able to stick within your spending plan.
  8. Pay bills on time. This may be a problem for a lot of people. It’s important, if you want to get out of debt, to start paying all your bills on time. If you follow the payment plan outlined in Step 7, your bills should be paid before you get to any discretionary spending categories. At this point, you want to focus on getting those bills paid on time, and making it a habit. If you have trouble remembering, try one of these methods: 1) pay bills as soon as they come in — take them to the computer and pay them online, or write out a check and prepare the envelope to be mailed the next day; or 2) set up a reminder in your calendar program to tell you when bills are due.
  9. Start a snowball. Now that your finances are relatively under control, you can start a debt snowball. At this point, you should have the beginnings of an emergency fund, you should know how much you owe, you should have a temporary spending plan, you should be paying bills on time and controlling your spending. Now you can focus on paying your debt. Here’s what to do: If you can find at least $100 from your spending plan, use that to start your debt snowball. You may need to cut back on discretionary spending (as you did in Steps 2 and 3). Or, once your emergency fund is at $1,000, you can use the amount you were putting into that account for your debt snowball. If you have trouble finding $100 for a debt snowball, you need to look at what other expenses you can cut back on. OK, once you’ve found at least $100 for your debt snowball (and more would be better), take a look at your debt spreadsheet. First, order the debts from the smallest amount owed to the largest. Now, look at your smallest debt owed — you will start by paying $100 (your debt snowball) plus the minimum monthly payment on that debt each month, until the debt is paid off. When the debt is paid off, you will take the amount you were paying on it (let’s say $50 monthly payment plus the $100 debt snowball for a total of $150) and pay it to your next smallest debt, until it is paid off. Continue to pay off your debts, one at a time, until they are all paid off. Now you have a large sum you can put into growing your emergency fund, and funding your irregular expenses, and finally start investing.
  10. Find larger cuts. Once you’ve controlled your finances and started your debt snowball, there are ways to increase the snowball — and hence the speed with which you get out of debt. Look at your larger expenses — are there ways you can eliminate or cut back on them? Can you sell your car for a smaller, used model? Can you find a smaller house or apartment to rent? Can you sell your house and rent a cheaper one? Can you get by with one car? Can you eliminate some services you’ve been using? Whatever cuts you make, apply that amount to your debt snowball — don’t spend it.
  11. Grow your income. Another great way to get out of debt faster is to make more money. Look at ways you can make money on the side — or ask for a raise or get a better job. Take 30 minutes to brainstorm. Are there ways you can start a small business online? Sell your valuables on eBay? Start freelancing on the side? Get a part-time job? This only has to be temporary, but the more money you make, the faster you’ll get out of debt. Be sure to apply your new income to your debt snowball.
  12. Track your progress. On your debt spreadsheet, be sure to update it every payday (or however often you pay debt) so that you can see your shrinking debt amount. You should be able to calculate how many months you have left before you’re completely out of debt. It may be a long ways off, but it’s within sight!
  13. Bonus step: Celebrate! It’s important to celebrate, not only when you’re out of debt, but along the way as you eliminate each debt. Have fun! Make this an adventure. It can be amazingly satisfying to stop spending and gain control of your finances instead. Find free entertainment, make it a challenge to be frugal and save money and find cheap used stuff. Pat yourself on the back along the way.

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Comments (20)

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Egor Margineanu Says:

July 3rd, 2007, 10:45 am

Thank you, great tips. I’m in process of improving my ability of managing home finances and I hope it will be a success for me.

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Grayson De Ritis Says:

July 3rd, 2007, 10:47 am

Helpful post, Leo. These steps should be studied particularly by those coming out of student debt (loans, CCs, etc.). Far too often (not everyone though) young people will transition into the workplace after school and find a world of new expenses and feel lost in how to live well but also pay off debts.

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Garry Says:

July 3rd, 2007, 13:27 pm

Good advice, although I think it’s very important that people pay off the debts with the highest interest first, not the smallest debts! Also get high rate card debts converterted into low rate bank loans, or transferred to other cards at a lower (lifetime) rate. However, ensure you destroy the cards that you pay off/transfer from to prevent using them again!

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JC Says:

July 3rd, 2007, 13:49 pm

“For 30 days, see if you can stop any non-essential spending.”

30-days can seem like a loooong time.

Sometimes, it’s good to start with smaller goals…like one-nonspending-weekend (just groceries). 5-days or 10-days of nonessential spending. A week of cheap coffee as opposed to the expensive stuff.

And the time you would have spent shopping…you can use to declutter and take a closer look at the material abundance you likely already possess.

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Doug Says:

July 3rd, 2007, 18:42 pm

@Garry: I recently completed a Dave Ramsey Financial Peace University program where he explained the importance of paying off small debts first, regardless of the rate. The rationale is that small victories will keep you moving forward to tackle the larger ones.

Ramsey acknowledges that it is common sense to pay higher interest debts first, but he argues that if we all had common sense, we wouldn’t be in debt in the first place.

BTW, this article summarizes Dave Ramsey’s teachings almost verbatim, even borrowing the “debt snowball” terminology.

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rob Says:

July 3rd, 2007, 19:21 pm

Leo - you say in week 2 to stop non-essential spending for 30 days and then 7 days later we are in week 3 and making small cut backs. Not sure of the logic here, should we be trying to overlay one habit just 7 days into habit 2 - this seems to clash with your ideas of one habit at a time for 30 days to get established “Pick ONE habit to change, and make sure that it’s an easy one. Don’t take on too much, or you will likely fail”.

@Doug - Yes this does seem just a copy of Dave Ramsey’s teachings. Come on Leo - original thought or due credit to the ideas developer.

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Leo Says:

July 3rd, 2007, 19:39 pm

@Rob and Doug: I’ve talked about Ramsey’s debt snowball in the past, and have given him credit, so I don’t think you can say I haven’t acknowledged him … but in my defense, he did not come up with the concept. He is the most famous proponent of it, but it was in use (and I heard of it) long before Ramsey was famous with it.

I haven’t read Ramsey’s books, but from what I’ve read of him, his methods are excellent.

However, this method is one that worked for me, not one that I copied from anywhere else. If it’s similar to Ramsey’s, that’s probably because we have similar philosophies.

Rob, you’re right, it’s a little confusing … Step 2 is just a 30-day moratorium. Step 3 is meant to look at longer-term cuts that you can use for your debt snowball … but if you’d rather wait until the end of the 30-day moratorium, that can work too.

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Garry Says:

July 3rd, 2007, 20:31 pm

Ok, I can see your point about paying off the small debts first to give quick and encouraging victories.

Would people like to volunteer what rates they are paying on debts for us to compare? I’ve got my highest debt now down to 5.9%, and the lowest at 2.9% (permanent rates).

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Sandra Says:

July 4th, 2007, 22:36 pm

Ok, so how does this help when you’re living on ramen in a comparitively cheap apartment and simply don’t have enough to pay for that? Maybe your job doesn’t pay enough, maybe the cost of living is too high, but I’m starting to feel like all of these “get out of debt” posts are just bullshit to further the illusion that we can afford to live in this country. “Being poor isn’t a shame, but it might as well be.”

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Leo Says:

July 5th, 2007, 0:11 am

Hi Sandra … you make some good points … although I think it would help to try a positive attitude instead of a negative one. My suggestions (and you can throw these out if they don’t work for you, of course):

* You are in some extreme circumstances that call for extreme measures.

* I suggest giving up your car, and taking the bus, cycling or walking.

* Search for a better job and a second job (or freelance) to increase your income.

* Move out of your apartment. Live with family or friends for a few months until you can get back on your feet and start paying off your debt (assuming you have some).

* Sell your more valuable possessions on eBay and use that to start an emergency fund.

These are extreme measures, but if you’re eating ramen and living in a cheap apartment and still can’t pay your bills, something has to change, and soon. Take your situation into your own hands. And definitely, definitely do not spend on non-essentials until you have an emergency fund saved up and you’ve started paying off your debt.

If you take a positive attitude, you can change things. Many others have.

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Morgan Says:

July 8th, 2007, 19:27 pm

I have a bit of advice for families watching young people go into debt because the cost of living is *too high*, and because the opportunity costs of post-secondary education are astronomical. If you have 20 or 30-somethings who have school-aged children, do what your own damned parents did and step up to the plate. Offer free baby-sitting sometimes. Pay for that stroller that can be folded up on the bus and subway. Ask if the kid needs an extra pair of shoes, or a new snow-suit. When I was young, and my mum was broke, my grandparents took us in. they paid for me to go to summer camp; they took me for two weeks every summer. My aunt who was childless and wealthy paid for every season’s change of wardrobe, new shoes, and at least one decent haircut. I had my son in grad school, and it was 6 years before my husband and I could be alone for one night. Nobody ever offered to help pay for his day-camp in the summer months, and the grand-parents take 3-4, 5 holidays a year on cruise ships and sunny beaches.
A significant reason that under-40’s are more in debt is because they are made to go it alone more than any previous generation.

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Portia Says:

July 21st, 2007, 19:49 pm

@Leo and Sandra

This is a bit of a late response, but I just wanted to commend Leo on his even and useful response to Sandra’s woe-is-me post. Sandra may have legitimate reasons for why she is down and out, but we sure don’t get that from what she’s typed. I think Leo provides some useful concrete pointers, but most importantly, he emphasizes adopting a more positive outlook. I think that outlook really does make a huge difference. (And I didn’t mean to bash you, Sandra; good luck with everything.)

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Travis Says:

July 24th, 2007, 14:05 pm

Life always appears harder when it’s your hardship. Getting some rational/emotional distance by using journaling, making a plan, and treating the issue as a project rather than a personal story are effective ways to get a handle on the problem and resolve it.

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Mark Says:

August 6th, 2007, 21:12 pm

Seems like you are costing people money by telling them to pay off their smallest debt first rather than the one with the highest interest rate. I can imagine a rationale that the debtor isn’t going to stick with the debt reduction plan unless there is visible progress and that clearing the smallest debt adds to this visibility. In the meantime, if the smaller debts have low interest rates and the largest have high rates, the debtor will really be making less progress than he or she could.

If you don’t feel you need the crutch of seeing small debts cleared, then you should pay the minimum on all debts except the one with the highest interest rate which you’ll pay down as fast as you can. Clear that debt first, regardless of its size, and then clear remaining debts from highest rate to lowest.

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Leo Says:

August 7th, 2007, 23:56 pm

@Mark: Actually, this point has been discussed on this site before, but for the benefit of those who haven’t read through all the comments of previous posts:

1) Yes, the main point of focusing on the smallest debt first is psychological, which is extremely important for this program. If people had no problem paying off long-term debts, they wouldn’t need this program. If you have a large debt that takes 2 or 3 years to pay off, that’s way too long for most people to sustain motivation. It’s much easier to pay off a smaller debt in a few months, and then by the time you get to the larger debts, you have much more money freed up from the debt snowball, which means those larger debts will be much faster to pay off.

2) Although paying the highest rates first might save you money, the difference is usually pretty small. We’re talking about a couple hundred dollars over the course of a few years.

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Mark Says:

August 9th, 2007, 0:14 am

k, sorry to have beaten a dead horse. After googling, I see that the pros and cons of the two approaches are debated on many sites.

That said, I don’t understand why reducing the number of separate debts provides such a psychological boost. Instead, why not focus on the combined balance and decide that you want to reduce it to zero as fast as possible? Knowing you’re getting out of debt as fast as you can might offset the purported boost of seeing smaller debts get cleared first.

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Martin Says:

September 7th, 2007, 2:01 am

@Mark

Reducing the overall number of debtors has an psychological effect because each of those debtors is likely to nag you regulary. If you have 30 debtors (or 30 cases, for that matter), getting 30 letters per week is not unknown of - it’s the way the debtors computer systems are designed to work. (My article describes the situation in Central Europe).

Reducing the number of debts directly leads to less nagging and therefore to a greater peace of mind.

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Debt Pay Off Plan - Online Calculator Says:

September 28th, 2007, 13:17 pm

We support all of these steps and while I have never read Dave Ramsey’s material, it seems our approach is in agreement.

Our approach does not default to reducing the smallest debt, however, first because we want to SAVE THE MOST IN INTEREST, nonetheless, the final approach is up to the individual.

Increasing cash flow by cutting expenses AND increasing income is very important. We have a simple 3 step process for cutting expenses that is saving people up to $3K per year… just about anyone would benefit from stopping the leakages in their cash flow.

Thanks for spreading the word ….

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Stephen Says:

December 2nd, 2007, 20:14 pm

Just a note, some people have debts they need to pay off. Others have a problem with compulsive debting (like me). These are great suggestions for getting out of debt. If these types of things suggested seem impossible to you, or if you have tried them and still can’t stop your debt, I suggest you try out debtors anonymous. Header over to the website and read the twelve signs of a compulsive debtor, go to a meeting.

This program is so far the only thing that has given me anything close to a solution to debt. If other measures fail for you you may need more help than these solutions.

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Dale Green Says:

December 20th, 2007, 17:41 pm

Hi everyone,

I just created a set of “Debt Elimination Videos” for you guys! They are all Free of charge with no strings attached. You don’t even have to give an email address to watch them.

One of the videos teaches how anyone can get out of debt in 2 to 5 years including their mortgage! But there is more. Much more.

To start viewing the videos just go to:

http://www.staydebtfree.net

Let me know what you guys think

Dale

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